China’s steel industry is the world’s largest, but it is also famously fragmented. For years, policymakers have pushed for mergers and acquisitions to consolidate the sector, aiming to boost efficiency and create a handful of national champions.
Banks have long dominated lending thanks to their informational advantages over borrowers, but fintech lenders are leveling the playing field by exploiting an unexpected data source: cashless payments.
As governments expand industrial subsidies in the name of economic security, debate intensifies over whether such policies distort trade or enhance competitiveness. This column presents new evidence from China showing that subsidies do more than support individual firms – they ripple through domestic supply chains, boosting downstream exports and product quality. Industrial policy, it turns out, travels along value chains.
Offering farmers a menu of insurance contracts instead of a single option significantly increases insurance take-up, by changing how farmers evaluate options within the contract menu.
City-customized supplemental medical insurance (CCSMI) is a major insurance expansion initiative in China through public-private partnership. Although it expanded coverage for hundreds of millions of people, it also crowded out private insurance purchases at both the extensive and intensive margins. This suggests that enrollment growth alone overstates the true gains in risk protection, and calls for better PPP design and stronger coordination with existing insurance programs.